Courses and career after 12th science biology group

After 12th science, the course a student chooses defines his/her career. Such is the importance of that decision. I’ve already written an article titled- ‘best courses to do after 12th science’. That article has been getting many visits also. Since then, I’ve been getting requests from Biology stream students of 12th science class. They’ve been asking me to write a similar list, exclusively for Biology students, so that they can readily make use of it. Here I’m, with one such list of best courses, aimed at creating good careers for biology stream students.The list starts here. The courses are not ‘ranked’. This is just a random order.

#1 MBBS (BACHELOR OF MEDICINE, BACHELOR OF SURGERY)

The most sought after and popular course after one completes 12th science, biology. MBBS is for those, who want to become a Doctor. I guess almost all of you know that!

But the problem with doing MBBS is that there is heavy competition involved in the admission process. The Government College seats, the most sought after one, is taken up by meritorious students and the ones who are eligible for reservations.The admission is based on the marks scored in 12th science and entrance examination. If you want to get into a private/Government Medical College, you must have scored good scores in those exams.

Further, don’t think that just doing MBBS would suffice. To gain value and knowledge, one must also be willing to do PG (Post Graduation) course also, which again is highly competitive! You may also check – Medical entrance tests in India.

And after becoming a Doctor, it won’t be just about building a lucrative career and money! You should be ready to serve, ready to sacrifice many personal pleasures etc. The course duration is five and a half years. For more details, check this detailed article out- MBBS after 12th.

POPULAR MBBS COLLEGES IN INDIA –

Here are some of the popular MBBS colleges in India –

AIIMS, New Delhi
CMC, Vellore
Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi
JIPMER, Puducherry
King George’s Medical University, Lucknow
Institute of Medical Sciences, BHU, Varanasi
Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi
Vardhman Mahavir Medical College, New Delhi
Kasturba Medical College, Manipal
Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh
JNMC, AMU, Aligarh
AIIMS, Bhubaneswar
AIIMS, Jodhpur
AIIMS, Bhopal
AIIMS, Rishikesh
ACPM Medical College, Dhule, Maharashtra
Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra
Padmashri Dr VV Patil Foundation’s Medical College, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra
Rajiv Gandhi Medical College, Thane, Maharashtra
Grant Medical College, Byculla, Maharashtra
Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, Maharashtra
Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College, Sion, Maharashtra
BJ Medical College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat
Government Medical College, Ernakulam, Kerala
Government Medical College, Idukki, Kerala
Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala
Government Medical College, Kollam, Kerala
Government Medical College, Kottayam, Kerala
Government Medical College, Malappuram, Kerala
Government Medical College, Palakkad, Kerala
Government Medical College, Thrissur, Kerala
Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala
Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal
RG Kar Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal
Malda Medical College and Hospital, Malda, West Bengal

#2 VETERINARY SCIENCES

By doing this course also, one can become a doctor. A doctor of animals, to be precise! Hey, don’t underestimate this course though! This is one of the least saturated course out there.

By less saturated, I mean, relatively, this course is opted by few students. This makes it very easy for a graduate student to get Government Job easily! Further, people are getting more and more interested in petting animals. This trend is even catching up in big cities. So, the scope of starting up your own clinic/venture also is good! Check out this detailed guide to get more details about Veterinary Science course- B.V.Sc. and AH Course. You may also check – Veterinary courses in India.

POPULAR VETERINARY COLLEGES IN INDIA –

Here are some of the best veterinary colleges in India

College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Udgir, Maharashtra
College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Parbhani, Maharashtra
Bombay Veterinary College, Mumbai, Maharashtra
Nagpur Veterinary College, Nagpur, Maharashtra
Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Nagpur, Maharashtra
College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Junagadh, Gujarat
College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand, Gujarat
College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Banaskantha, Gujarat
Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat
College of Veterinary Science, Karimnagar, Telangana
College of Dairy Technology, Nizamabad, Telangana
College of Veterinary Science, Ranga Reddy, Telangana
College of Fishery Science, Karimnagar, Telangana
Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
Madras Veterinary College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
Veterinary College, Bangalore, Karnataka
Veterinary College, Shimoga, Karnataka
College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Thrissur, Kerala
College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Kerala
Khalsa College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Amritsar, Punjab
Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner, Rajasthan
College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Udaipur, Rajasthan

#3 BAMS (BACHELOR OF AYURVEDA, MEDICINE AND SURGERY)

Again, by doing this course also, you can become a Doctor. But an Ayurvedic Doctor! Ayurveda is a field, which is thriving even now. It started to grow a while back, with the boost in tourism industry.

Thanks to a booming tourism industry, Ayurveda Tourism packages have become quite popular among tourists. Many chains of Ayurvedic hospitals are raking in huge profits during the tourist season.With Ayurveda and its benefit of having no side effects getting well known, more and more people are willing to make use of it! In India, more people are now ready to visit Ayurvedic clinics to solve their health problems.

POPULAR BAMS COLLEGES IN INDIA –

Here’s a list of popular BAMS colleges in India –

Ayurveda College, Pariyaram, Kannur, Kerala
Vaidyaratnam PS Varier Ayurveda College, Malappuram, Kerala
Vaidyaratnam Ayurveda College, Thrissur, Kerala
Ayurveda College, Ernakulam, Kerala
Ayurveda College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala
Government Ayurveda Medical College, Bangalore, Karnataka
Indian Institute of Ayurvedic Medicine and Research, Bangalore, Karnataka
Government Akhandanand Ayurveda College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat
Netra Chikitsa Ayurveda College, Amreli, Gujarat
Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh
Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh
State Ayurvedic College and Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
Ayurvedic College and Hospital, Sampurnanand Sanskrit Vishwa Vidyalaya, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh
Gopabandhu Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya, Puri, Odisha
KATS Ayurveda College, Berhampur, Odisha
Government Ayurveda College, Bolangir, Odisha
Mayurbhanj Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya, Mayurbhanj, Odisha

#4 BDS (BACHELOR OF DENTAL SURGERY)

After doing this course, you can become a Dentist. Yes, you will be called a Doctor!

Like MBBS, in order to succeed and have a good career in this field, you one must be willing to do PG course also. The duration of the course is 5 years.Compared to an MBBS Doctor, a BDS Doctor will have a bit more time to relax! The schedule won’t be as hectic as an MBBS Doctor. But this again depends on various factors like the ‘popularity’ you achieve, your work rate, skills etc. A popular dentist will have more appointments and thus have a busy time!

POPULAR BDS COLLEGES IN INDIA –

Here’s a list of popular BDS colleges in India –

Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences, New Delhi
King George’s Medical University, Lucknow
PGIDS, Rohtak
Institute of Medical Science, BHU, Varanasi
Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal
Nair Hospital Dental College, Mumbai
Christian Dental College and Hospital, Ludhiana
Government Dental College and Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra
Government Dental College and Hospital, Ahmedabad, Gujarat
AMC Dental College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat
College of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Sanand, Ahmedabad, Gujarat
College of Dental Sciences and Research, Bhavnagar, Gujarat
Government Dental College, Jamnagar, Gujarat
Government Dental College and Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka
Tamil Nadu Government Dental College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
Government Dental College, Alappuzha, Kerala
Government Dental College, Kozhikode, Kerala
Government Dental College, Kottayam, Kerala
Government Dental College, Thrissur, Kerala
Government Dental College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala
Burdwan Dental College and Hospital, Burdwan, West Bengal
West Bengal University of Health Sciences, Kolkata, West Bengal
AIIMS, Jodhpur, Rajasthan
Government Dental College and Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan
Jodhpur Dental College and General Hospital, Jodhpur, Rajasthan
Government Medical College, Patiala, Punjab
Punjab Government Dental College and Hospital, Amritsar, Punjab
Government Dental College and Hospital, Patiala, Punjab

#5 PHARMACY

You may go for B Pharm Degree, followed by an M Pharmacy Degree and land a good job in Pharmaceuticals company or as a lecturer in Pharmacy colleges.

The course duration of B Pharm is 4 years and that of M Pharm is 2 years. So, doing both of them will take up 6 years to complete.

You may even apply for Government Jobs. Some examples of such jobs are- Drug Control department, Pharmacist in Government Hospitals etc.

POPULAR PHARMACY COLLEGES IN INDIA –

Here are some of the popular pharmacy colleges in India –

Madras Medical College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
Madurai Medical College, Madurai, Tamil Nadu
College of Pharmaceutical Science, Government TD Medical College, Alappuzha, Kerala
College of Pharmaceutical Science, Kozhikode, Kerala
College of Pharmaceutical Science, Medical College, Kottayam, Kerala
College of Pharmaceutical Science, Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala
Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pariyaram, Kannur, Kerala
Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Ettumanoor, Kottayam, Kerala
Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Puthuppally, Kottayam, Kerala
Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh
IIT BHU, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh
PGIMS, Rohtak, Haryana
Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma University of Health Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana
NIPER, Mohali, Punjab
Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab
Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab
Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal
NIPER, Kolkata, West Bengal
Institute of Pharmacy, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, Kolkata, West Bengal
College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Berhampur, Odisha
College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Puri, Odisha
BITS, Hyderabad, Telangana
CM College of Pharmacy, Secunderabad, Telangana
Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana

# 6 PHARM D

Pharm D is a lot different from B Phar and M Pharm. Actually, it is a combination of B Pharm, M Pharm and MBBS!

The duration of the course is 6 years. I’ve heard that since the course is a combination of all the above mentioned courses, it is a bit difficult to study.

But, this course is opted by relatively lesser number of students. This makes the job market less crowded.

#7 B SC

You may go for a B Sc Degree in an available discipline and follow it up by completing an M Sc degree! The job opportunities consists of fields like- teaching, research, Government Jobs, Private jobs etc.

Duration of B Sc course is 3 years and that of M Sc is 2 years. Completing both these courses will consume 5 years.

Research is a field that is less explored. There is much job scope in there. If are meritorious and passionate, then you may land a research job in Government organization or Private firm easily! Some of the well known B Sc programs available in front of Biology Group students are-

B.Sc. Biochemistry
B.Sc. Biology
B.Sc. Physics
B.Sc. Chemistry
B.Sc. Environmental Science
B.Sc. Biotechnology
B.Sc. Nursing
B.Sc. Occupational Therapy
B.Sc. Physiotherapy
B.Sc. Radiology
B.Sc. Bioinformatics
B.Sc. Anthropology
B.Sc. Microbiology
B.Sc. Zoology
B.Sc. Forensic Science
B.Sc. Agriculture
B.Sc. Pathology
B.Sc. Speech Therapy
B.F.Sc. (Fisheries Science)
B.Sc. Horticulture
B.Sc. Genetics
B.Sc. Health Science and Nutrition
B.Sc. Sports Science
B.Sc. Audiology
B.Sc. Botany

#8 DIPLOMA COURSES

I’ve heard that some institutions are offering Diploma course on subjects like ‘Hospital management’, ‘Lab management’ etc. You may also check – List of nursing colleges in India.

But I don’t have detailed information regarding these courses. If you ever happen to come across such courses and want to go for it, do check the reputation of the institute offering that course. Other than them, there also exists some other job oriented Diploma courses, which Biology Group students may pursue. Some of them are-

Diploma in Nursing
Diploma in Retail Management
Diploma in Education Technology
Diploma in Dairy Technology
Diploma in Yoga Education
ANM
GNM

#9 MANAGEMENT COURSES

Biology Group students are also eligible to pursue Management studies after completing 12th standard. Some of the well known management courses available for them are-

BBA (Bachelor of Business Administration)
BMS (Bachelor of Management Studies)
Integrated BBA + MBA program (5 years duration)
BHM (Bachelor of Hotel Management)
Retail Management (Diploma)

#10 BUMS (BACHELOR OF UNANI MEDICINE AND SURGERY)

BUMS stands for Bachelor of Unani Medicine and Surgery. It is a 4½ years long professional course. After completing the course, Graduate must also do an unpaid internship lasting a duration of 1 year. Thus, it takes 5½ years to complete this course!

Students who are unable to get admission in courses like MBBS, BDS and BAMS may take up this course. On completing it, they will get the tag of Doctor!

#11 BHMS (BACHELOR OF HOMEOPATHIC MEDICINE AND SURGERY)

BHMS stands for Bachelor of Homeopathic Medicine and Surgery. It is a 4½ years long course. After completing the course, students have to do an internship lasting a period of 1 year. Thus, in total, this course takes 5½ years to complete. BHMS course focuses on the principles of Homeopathic medicine system.

Students unable to secure admission in courses like MBBS, BDS and BAMS may take up BHMS course. After completing this course, successful Graduates will get the tag of Doctor.

POPULAR BHMS COLLEGES IN INDIA –

Here’s a list of popular BHMS colleges in India –

Dr Padiyar Memorial Homeopathic Medical College, Ernakulam, Kerala
Government Homeopathic Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala
ANSS Homeo Medical College, Kottayam, Kerala
Shree Vidyadhiraja Homeopathic Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala
Government Homeopathic Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala
Government Homeopathic Medical College, Bangalore, Karnataka
BB Homeopathic Medical College and Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka
Father Mullers Homeopathic Medical College and Hospital, Mangalore, Karnataka
Ahmedabad Homeopathic Medical College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat

#12 INTEGRATED LAW COURSE

Biology Group students are also eligible to pursue Law Education after 12th. LL.B. course can be pursued as a PG course only. But right after 12th, students may pursue Law education through Integrated Law courses! Some well known Integrated Law programs available in front of Biology Group students are –

B.Sc. + LL.B.
B.Com. + LL.B.
BBA + LL.B.

#13 BACHELOR OF PHYSIOTHERAPY

This course is also known by the short name- BPT. This is a highly job oriented course. The course duration is 4 years. After completing the course, Graduates will also have to do an internship lasting a period of 6 months. In total, this course will take 4½ years to complete.

After completing the course, Graduates will be able to find a job in sectors like- Gyms, Clinics, Schools & Colleges, Sport Teams and Organizations etc. One may also start own private Physiotherapy practice.

POPULAR PHYSIOTHERAPY COLLEGES IN INDIA –

Here’s a list of best physiotherapy colleges in India –

Kerala University of Health Sciences, Thrissur, Kerala
Institute of Paramedical Sciences, Kannur, Kerala
Medical Trust Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala
Co-Operative Institute of Health Sciences, Kannur, Kerala
School of Medical Education, MGU, Kottayam, Kerala
EMS College of Paramedical Sciences, Malappuram, Kerala
Government Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
Government College of Physiotherapy, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu
Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka
Government Physiotherapy College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat
Government Medical College, Nagpur, Maharashtra
Maharashtra University of Health Sciences, Nashik, Maharashtra
Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College, Mumbai, Maharashtra
Topiwala National Medical College, Mumbai, Maharashtra
DY Patil University, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra
Dr DY Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra
Seth GS Medical College, Mumbai, Maharashtra
West Bengal University of Health Sciences, Kolkata, West Bengal
Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal
University of Burdwan, Bardhaman, West Bengal
Haldia Institute of Health Sciences, Haldia, West Bengal
Burdwan Institute of Medical and Life Sciences, Burdwan, West Bengal
Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab
Christian Medical College, Ludhiana, Punjab
Khalsa College, Amritsar, Punjab
Rajasthan University of Health Sciences, Jaipur, Rajasthan
Mewar University, Chittorgarh, Rajasthan
Jodhpur National University, Jodhpur, Rajasthan
Jaipur Physiotherapy College, Jaipur, Rajasthan
Jaipur National University, Jaipur, Rajasthan
NIMS, Hyderabad, Telangana

#14 BASLP (BACHELOR OF AUDIOLOGY SPEECH LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY)

BASLP is a course that focuses on Audiology, hearing disorders, auditory systems, speech language therapy, hearing implants etc. It is a 4 years long course. After completing the course, Graduates will have to do a 1 year long Internship program. Thus, in total, it takes 5 years to complete this course.

After completing the course, Graduates will be able to find a job in the following sectors- marketing of hearing implants, rehabilitation clinics (for people suffering from hearing disorders), Clinics and Hospitals, Special Schools and Educational Institutes (for children suffering from hearing disorders) and Hearing aid manufacturing industries.

#15 BACHELOR OF OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY

BOT (Bachelor of Occupational Therapy) is a 4½ years long Undergraduate level medical course. This course focuses on the discipline of Occupational Therapy.

Occupational Therapy deals with patients having physical, mental, emotional and neurological limitations. It aims at improving the life, condition and rehabilitation of such handicapped and limited people through different modes of treatments such as- exercises, functional training, aiding devices and equipment, ergonomic training and environmental restructuring & adaptation.

#16 PARAMEDICAL COURSES

In India, paramedical courses are available in the following formats –

Degree courses
Diploma courses
Certificate courses

Looking from job prospects’ point of view, pursuing Degree and Diploma paramedical courses will be a good idea. Some of the well known paramedical courses are –

#17 OTHER DEGREE AND DIPLOMA COURSES

Here are some more Degree and Diploma courses (arts & commerce streams), which 12th Science (Biology Group) students may pursue after completing board examination-

BA
B Social Work
Mass Communication and Journalism
Animation and Multimedia
Performing Arts
Language Courses (Foreign Languages are promising)
Diploma in Retail Management
Diploma in Education Technology
Nutrition and Dietetics
Diploma in Hotel Management
Air Hostess/Cabin Crew training course
Diploma in Event Management
Diploma in Film making and Video Editing
B.El.Ed. (Bachelor of Elementary Education, 4 years long course)
Diploma in Elementary Education
B.P.Ed. (Bachelor of Physical Education)
Primary Teachers Training course (can follow it up B.Ed.)
Bachelor of Fashion Design and Technology

CAREER IN ZOOLOGY

Zoologists are biologists who study a variety of animal species. Those studies can include researching animal behaviors and characteristics, and how they interact with their ecosystems. Zoologists may be involved in research, animal management, or education.

Zoologists may specialize in a branch of the field that is concerned with a related group of animals, such as mammalogy (mammals), herpetology (reptiles), ichthyology (fish), or ornithology (birds). Zoologists may also specialize even further by concentrating on the study of a single species.

Zoologist Duties & Responsibilities

The duties of a zoologist generally include the following:

Designing and conducting research projects and studies of animals
Studying the characteristics of animals and their behaviors
Collecting and analyzing biological data and specimens
Writing papers, reports, and articles that explain research findings
Ensuring animal welfare through various initiatives
Educating the public on animal welfare and wildlife conservation
Promoting conservation efforts
Assisting with captive breeding programs

Zoologists often work in conjunction with zookeepers, veterinarians, marine biologists, and wildlife biologists to properly manage animal populations in captivity and in the wild. Zoologists may also take on keeper and curator roles in some zoological parks.

Zoologist Salary

The salary for zoologists may vary based on factors such as the type of employment, level of education completed, and duties required by their specific position. Zoologists with graduate degrees or with specialized knowledge tend to earn higher salaries in the field.

Median Annual Salary: $62,290
Top 10% Annual Salary: $99,700
Bottom 10% Annual Salary: $39,620

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2017

Education, Training, & Certification

Zoologists must have at least a bachelor's degree to enter the profession. Graduate-level degrees, such as a master's or a Ph.D., are generally preferred and often required for advanced research or teaching positions.

The major for an aspiring zoologist is usually biology, zoology, or a closely related field. Many undergraduates earn their initial bachelor's degree in biology before focusing on zoology during their graduate-level studies.

Courses in biology, anatomy and physiology, chemistry, physics, statistics, communications, and computer technology are required for the pursuit of any degree in the biological sciences.

Zoologists may also need to take additional courses in animal science, veterinary science, animal behavior, animal husbandry, and ecology to complete their degree requirements.

Zoologist Skills & Competencies

Zoologists need the following traits in order to perform their duties:

Communication skills: Zoologists must be able to write effective research papers and reports. They also need to communicate verbally and in writing with the public, policymakers, and other stakeholders.
Observation skills: It's critical to notice slight changes in an animal’s behavior or appearance and observe a variety of elements in animals' surroundings.
Critical-thinking skills: Zoologists must be able to draw conclusions from experiments, research results, and scientific observations.
Problem-solving abilities: Zoologists must find solutions to help protect animals and wildlife from possible threats.

Comfort with technology: Being tech savvy is a plus because zoologists often use highly specialized scientific equipment and data management software during the course of their research activities.

Career opportunities after msc in botany

Job, Scope, Salary & Placements for Master of Science [M.Sc] (Botany):

The graduates can go for many fields in botany such as Plant Taxonomy, Ethnobiology, Pathology, Palaeobolagy and Palynology, Plant cytology, Plant geneticists, Plant ecology, Plant Scientists and Weed Scientists etc.
Candidates who have advanced qualifications can pursue either an academic career in institutions as lecturers and professors or a scientific career in various scientific positions such as Plant Scientists, Weed Scientists etc.
They can also go and work as Researchers and as administrators.
They have also the option in Botanical Survey of India and other Government departments but only through UPSC exams.

Placement for Masters of Science [M.Sc] (Botany):

Employment Areas In Private Sector:

Drug Companies
Nurseries
Biotechnology Firms
Food Companies
Oil Industry
Fruit Growers
Seed Companies
Chemical Companies
Lumber or Paper Companies
Biological Supply Houses

Employment Areas In Government Sector:

National Park Service
Departments of Environmental Protection
Departments of Conservation and Land Management
Departments of Agriculture and Water)
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services
Nature Conservancy
Public Health Service
Environmental Protection Agency
Smithsonian Institute
Department of Agriculture
Medical Plant Resources Laboratory
Forest Service

Salary Offered for Masters of Science [M.Sc] (Botany):

Source: Payscale

Key Stats for Masters of Science [M.Sc] (Botany):

Career after msc zoology

Fortunately, nature has blessed the earth with an enormous variety of animals offering multiple opportunities to humans to explore them. Based on which type of animals are being probed, diverse fields of zoology exist like ichthyology concerned with the study of fishes, ornithology for the study of birds, herpetology for amphibians and reptiles, mammalogy for mammals, entomology for insects which can be further dissected into subfields depending on the particular type of the insects being studied.

Blend of ‘geography’ and ‘zoology’ fabricates Zoography!

“Habitat” which defines the home for the animals is the most essential element about the existence and survival of the animals on the earth. Through extensively observing the geographical ranges of the specific animal population and their spatial distribution, a Zoologist retains the responsibility to interpret, recognize and even contribute to maintaining the natural habitats of the animals to perpetuate and support the existence of natural ecosystems.

Knowing about the basic physiological mechanisms in animals!

Being a Zoologist while interpreting animal physiology, you will come across details about the critical systems working in animals’ bodies enabling them to grow, reproduce, eat, walk, sleep, communicate or regulate the body temperatures.

Learning about the animal’s behavior could be exclusive!

Behavioral ecology and ethology are the sister fields that emerge with the objective of finding constraints of ecological pressure over the evolution of animal behavior where natural selection selectively opts for the most adapted species of animals.

Consequently, students who are into zoology are presented with a plethora of career options with specializations depending on the field they choose.

Pursuing Masters in Zoology!

MSc in Zoology like any other post-graduate program is a two-year academic degree which focuses on the various aspects of animal sciences manifested in the form of subjects like comparative animal physiology, parasitology, ecology with ecological theories and applications, genetics, advanced animal tissue culture, taxonomy, biodiversity, evolution, embryonic development as well as basic cell and molecular biology. The candidates who have graduated with a BSc degree can pursue this master’s course expecting to secure a rewarding career ahead.

Career options after MSc Zoology!

As a zoologist, your comprehensive knowledge of animal sciences, competence to perform the corresponding lab techniques as well as the propensity for fieldwork renders limitless avenues in the academics, government bodies and agricultural, environmental, or pharmaceutical industries.

After the course completion, a job aspirant can choose any field of zoology right from zoological research to wildlife educator or officer.

The demand for MSc zoology would never subside in India or worldwide because the boundaries of career options in zoology offered are extensive as mentioned below:

1. Academic researcher

If you have desires to extend your contribution to the research field, then being an academic researcher could fulfill your dreams. Within this role, you will be expected to utilize your academic knowledge and research expertise, to gain recognition by publishing your valuable findings in the renowned journals or writing up books in your area of specialization within zoology. Working as an academic researcher you may pursue your doctorate taking it further at the post-doctoral level. The openings for research fellows are offered by many renowned universities and government-aided organizations. Some of the best multi-disciplinary research Centres like BARC and ISRO offer training programs with decent stipends for encouraging the career progression in the research.

The following link can help to have an insight into the training schemes like the Orientation Course for Engineering Graduates and Science Postgraduates (OCES) offered by BARC.

Emoluments: As a doctoral or postdoctoral researcher, you could make yourself eligible to receive a tax-free stipend in the form of a scholarship after clearing national scholarship programs or under some government research grant schemes. Many research organizations also receive funding often sourced from industrial partners concerned with research outcomes in relevance to their products

2. Academic teacher

If you are passionate about teaching, then adopting a career in academics in the universities, colleges or even schools could provide you with the platform to land up. In India, most of the recognized Universities consider the minimum requirement of clearing the National eligibility test (NET) for the Lectureship, however, to be an Assistant professor, Associate professor, or Professor you must have a Ph.D. degree in zoology or related fields. You could be likely to get involved in teaching and supervision while pursuing doctoral or postdoctoral programs in universities where the staff employed by the research institutes will be expected to supervise PhDs, postgraduates, or undergraduates as part of their role.

Emoluments: Salaries to lectures or professors are offered as per UGC norms.

3. Ecologist

If you are the person who adores nature, you can quench your love for the same by getting into the shoes of an ecologist. As an ecologist your role will be to conduct field surveys to gather biological information needed for various databases maintained by many government bodies working in the environmental sector, carrying out habitat surveys, assessing the environmental impacts on the animals, analyzing different ecosystems, data reporting, etc.

4. Media sector

If you are fantasized about adhering to the media sector, ‘zoology’, the multidisciplinary stream may even help you to grab entry into it. You may hunt for the most conceded groups or ventures like Animal Planet, National Geographic, Discovery, etc who remain in constant search of zoologists for research and documentaries.

5. Scientific writer

If you master the writing skills, then scientific writing is your goal. You will be undertaking the writing assignments for animal-based journals, articles for animal magazines or daily newspapers, blogs for commercial web sites, content for conferences or TV programs based or related to animal findings, reports for companies, etc. Here you may cherish the resilience of work by turning into a Freelance writer working in the comfort of your home.

6. Animal nutritionist

You can work to design the diet regime for the animals in the field of agriculture or zoo, keeping into consideration all the nutrients indispensable to increase the likelihood of the animal’s survival, well-being, and productivity. Governments, public health organizations, animal welfare ventures, research institutions, universities, or companies indulged in the production of animal-based products may present openings within this profile.

7. Marine biologist

If your love for aquatic life propels you to dive into the oceans, then this could be the best career option to be considered. A marine biologist’s role is to study, observe, protect, preserve marine organisms by appraising their behavioral responses to environment patterns. Besides, you will get an opportunity to immerse yourself into the calmness of the oceanic life as well as to assess the magnitude of their impropriety. You can work in association with wildlife organizations or conservation groups to deliver collaborative research and data reports or even with zoos. Further, you can expect to travel across the world while doing so.

8. Environment consultants

As an environmental consultant, you may work with various public and private sectors or multidisciplinary clients to address animal and environment-related ethical issues and assess the intensity of the damage running the likelihood of the persistence of the animals or other species. Profiles can range from the desk-based legislation department of the companies ensuring compliance with the environmental regulations to make field surveys and piling up data about the distinct environmental parameters.

9. Employee with National Parks, wildlife sanctuaries or zoos

Your extreme affection for the animals and the craving to avail their propinquity can lead you to work with organizations directly involved with animals. Here you may work in the direction of the welfare of the animals adopting some of the nontrivial roles like deciding with the animal’s diet, administering the medication, assisting with veterinary procedures, evaluating their behavior changes against the effect of the ecosystem disturbances, carrying out the statistical data studies and also to throw educational programs supporting this noble cause.

10. Wildlife Conservationist

Wildlife rehabilitation centers employ candidates who target conservation of the endangered species and their habitats by considering various ecological parameters and thus suggesting models to rehabilitate animals into natural habitats or breeding and nurturing of animals for conservation purposes. With growing advancement in the technologies, different equipment and software can be utilized to accomplish these goals. The threat by some invasive species could also be identified and monitored in specified areas under this role.

11. Veterinarian

With escalating fanaticism towards keeping pets in both the rural and urban areas, demand for veterinarians in India has also shown a boom. A large number of students are adopting this field by realizing its prospects. Numerous government’s animal husbandry departments or animal care centers, dairy research institutes, piggery and poultry farms, zoos, national parks, and wildlife sanctuaries also offer jobs for veterinarians where their main responsibility remains to perform daily health assessments for the animals.

12. Companies and industries

Many nutrition companies indulged in the production of animal foods, pharma companies producing animal drugs or vaccines could be targeted as they offer alluring emoluments to their employees.

The employment opportunities are also available within some other domains like medical laboratories, fisheries, aquaculture, museum services, hatcheries, agricultural departments, forest departments, scientific civil services, herpetology, forensics, etc.

In accordance with the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the requirement for zoologists is expected to display an increase of 5% between 2012 and 2022. There are enormous career options and job opportunities available for MSc Zoology students both in the government as well as private sectors. Applicants are required to remain updated with openings advertised by various govt departments like state PSC, SSC, or UPSC regularly. Apart from the fundamental knowledge of your field, you must conquer the mathematical skills which append to your proficiency to succeed in zoology as most of the profiles would be requiring data entry and usage of the statistical tools or performing calculations. Analytical abilities, good hand over using the equipment, robust physical endurance especially when job profile demands site visits, empathy to deal, and communicate with animals are some other attributes to be possessed.

Salary trends

Depending on the profile, field of specialization and the experience, the salary trend for zoologists may vary but it could be considered ranging from INR 3.5 lakhs for the freshers up to 10 lakhs for the expertise.

Courses in commerce after 12th

Top Courses After 12^th Commerce with Mathematics

BCom (Honours)

BCom (Honours) is one of the most popular undergraduate courses among students belonging to Commerce with Mathematics stream. This course is also one of the most widely offered BCom courses at university level. SRCC, LSR, Hindu College, Loyola College and St Xavier’s Kolkata are some of the top ranked colleges in India for B Com (Honours).

Top Courses After 12^th Commerce without Mathematics

BCom (General)

BCom (General) course is one of the most popular options after Class 12^th for Commerce without Maths students. This course is very popular among students who prefer to gain a bachelor’s degree through correspondence and distance learning code while pursuing a vocational code in regular mode.

BCom Business Administration

BCom Business Administration is a good option for students who plan to make a career in Business Administration and Management. The course provides exposure to Business Management, Corporate Accounting, Business Law, Marketing, Business Organisation, Corporate Law, Business Communication, Retail Management, etc.

BCom Marketing

This specialization of BCom trains the student in techniques and methods of planning and managing marketing activities for a business organization. Career opportunities after BCom Marketing are many, as Marketing is one of the four pillars of any business organisations. Marketing graduates are in high demand in every industry.

BCom Tourism & Travel Management

BCom Tourism & Travel Management is specific to Tourism industry. This course trains students in theoretical and practical aspects of the industry. Apart from business operation and other core commerce subjects, the students are taught financial relevance of tourism, impact on world economy, environmental laws and regulations, customer-care and servicing, international travel laws and tourism management.

Also Read: BCom Tourism & Travel Mangement Colleges in India

Here is some useful information for aspirants looking to take up a course in Accounting & Commerce:

- BCom/ BCom (Hons) colleges in India
- Popular cities: Delhi NCR, Bangalore, Kolkata, Mumbai and Pune
- Popular specialisations: Accounting and Taxation

- BCom Entrance Exams: BHU-UET, GLAET, GATA

Explore frequently asked questions on BCom/BCom (Hons) course. In case you have specific queries, post your question which will be answered by our community of experts.

University wise BCom/BCom Hons cut offs

Check the table below for university wise admission cut offs for BCOM/BCom Hons courses. The table below includes all top central and state universities of India.

Admission Cut Offs for Commerce Courses
Delhi University cut offs	Allahabad University cut offs
Mumbai University cut offs	Gujarat University cut offs
Banaras Hindu University cut offs	Punjab University cut offs
Aligarh Muslim University cut offs	Assam University cut offs
Jamia Millia Islamia cut offs	Madras University cut offs
Calcutta University cut offs	Pune University cut offs

Which course to select after Class 12 Commerce?

The first question that comes to every student’s mind – Which course to select after Class 12 Commerce? Selection of courses after 12^th for Commerce students, be it academic or vocational, is crucial at the time of college admissions. It must be an informed decision taken after having complete understanding of the course one is opting for.

While students are advised to select the course depending on individual aptitude and interest, has put together extensive details of 20 courses apart from BCom that are most popular at undergraduate (UG) level, completed Class 12^th in Commerce. These details include course highlights, list of colleges across India offering that course, college reviews, top specializations, and frequently asked questions and answers about each course.

List of Top 6 Courses after 12th Commerce
BCom	BCA (IT and Software)
BBA LLB	Chartered Accountancy (CA)
BBA/BMS	Company Secretary (CS)

Besides the above mentioned courses, a Commerce student has the option to pursue various courses open to students after Class 12th Arts, such as:

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BBA LLB

Bachelor of Business Administration and Bachelor of Legislative Law Honours, popularly known as BBA LLB is an undergraduate Administrative Law professional integrated course. Students opting for BBA LLB get to study the combination of Business Administration and Law. A student who has qualified Class 12^th with a minimum of 50% marks is eligible for this course.

Here is some useful information for aspirants looking to take up a course in BBA LLB:

- BBA LLB colleges in India
- Popular cities: Delhi/NCR, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Chennai and Kolkata
- BBA LLB entrance exams: CLAT, LSAT, ACLAT

Explore frequently asked questions on BBA LLB. In case you have specific queries, post your question which will be answered by our community of experts.

Other popular courses Commerce students can pursue at UG level

BBA/BMS

Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA)/ Bachelor of Management Studies (BMS) is a precursor to Master in Business Management (MBA). BBA/BMS is the Bachelor’s degree undertaken to pursue a career in Business Management. Any candidate who has completed Class 12^th or equivalent in any stream with at least 50 per cent in aggregate from a recognised board or university can pursue BBA/BMS.

Here is some useful information for aspirants looking to take up BBA/BMS:

- BBA/BMS colleges in India
- Popular cities: Delhi-NCR, Mumbai, Bangalore and Pune
- Popular specialisations: Retail, International Business, Sales and Marketing, Human Resources and Finance
- BBA entrance exams
- BBA/BMS college rankings

- All about BBA/BMS

Explore frequently asked questions on BBA/BMS. In case you have specific queries, post your question which will be answered by our community of experts.

BCA (IT and Software)

BCA is an undergraduate course generally undertaken by students who wish to explore the world of Computer languages. A BCA degree is at par with a BTech/BE degree in Computer Science or Information Technology. A candidate who has cleared Class 12^th from any discipline with Maths (in some cases English too might be a requirement), and has obtained a minimum 45-55 per cent aggregate can pursue BCA.

Here is some useful information for aspirants looking to take up a course in BCA in IT & Software:

- BCA in IT & Software colleges in India

- Popular cities: Delhi NCR, Bangalore, Pune, Kolkata, Chennai
- Popular Specialisations: Networking Hardware & Security, Mobile App Development, Programming, Cloud Computing and Game Design.

- BCA entrance exams: BU-MAT, SET, GSAT
- BCA in IT & Software college rankings
- All about BCA in IT & Software

Explore frequently asked questions on BCA in IT & Software. In case you have specific queries, post your question which will be answered by our community of experts.

Chartered Accountancy (CA)

Chartered Accountancy or CA is a course Commerce students can pursue to become Chartered Accountants. To pursue CA in India, the candidate needs to register with The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI). Any candidate who has completed Class 12^th or equivalent with at least 50 per cent aggregate from a recognized board or university can pursue CA.

Here is some useful information for aspirants looking to take up CA:

- CA Institutes in India
- ICAI Exam

Explore frequently asked questions on CA. In case you have specific queries, post your question which will be answered by our community of experts.

Company Secretary (CS)

Company Secretary or CS is a course Commerce students can pursue after Class12^th to become Company Secretary. Any candidate who has completed Class 12^th or equivalent with at least 50 per cent aggregate from a recognized board or university can pursue CS. To pursue the course and earn the CS degree the candidate has to register with the Institute of Company Secretaries of India (ICSI).

Here is some useful information for aspirants looking to take up CS:

- CS Institutes in India
- ICSI Exam

Explore frequently asked questions on CA. In case you have specific queries, post your question which will be answered by our community of experts.

Commerce students also have the option to choose from various courses available to students After Class 12th Arts:

BA in Humanities & Social Sciences

BA is a bachelor’s degree in subjects related to social sciences, liberal arts and fine arts. BA is an undergraduate degree, one needs to have completed their Class 12^th from Arts stream for this course. Apart from this, even Science and Commerce students are eligible to pursue a BA degree.

Here is some useful information for aspirants looking to take up a BA in Humanities & Social science course:

- BA colleges in India
- Popular Cities: Delhi/NCR, Kolkata, Bangalore, Mumbai, Pune
- Popular Specialisations: Economics, Sociology, History, Political Science, Geography
- BA Entrance Exams: SUAT, JNUEE, BHU-UET

Explore frequently asked questions on BA. In case you have specific queries, post your question which will be answered by our community of experts.

BA in Arts (Fine/Visual/Performing)

BA in Arts is the bachelor’s degree undertaken to study courses in Fine Arts, Performing Arts and Performing Arts. BA in Arts is an undergraduate degree, one needs to have completed their Class 12^th from Arts stream for this course. However, even Science and Commerce students are eligible to pursue a BA in Arts degree.

Here is some useful information for aspirants looking to take up BA in Arts course:

- BA in Arts colleges in India
- Popular Cities: Delhi/NCR, Pune, Kolkata, Bangalore, Chennai.
- Popular Specialisations: Music, Painting and Drawing, Dance and Choreography, Theatre, Film Making

Explore frequently asked questions on BA in Arts. In case you have specific queries, post your question which will be answered by our community of experts.

Bachelor of Fine Arts (BFA)

Bachelor of Fine Arts (BFA) is a bachelor’s degree undertaken in the field of Fine Arts, Visual Arts and Performing Arts. BFA is an undergraduate degree and candidates can pursue it right after their Class 12^th.

Here is some useful information for aspirants looking to take up BFA course:

- BFA colleges in India
- Popular Cities: Delhi/NCR, Mumbai, Pune, Bangalore, Hyderabad.
- Popular Specialisations: Applied Arts, Painting and Drawing , Sculpture, Film Making, Ceramics
- BFA Entrance Exams: BHU UET, Jamia Millia Islamia Entrance Exam, KUK Entrance Exam

Explore frequently asked questions on BFA. In case you have specific queries, post your question which will be answered by our community of experts.

BDes in Animation

Bachelor of Design or BDes in Animation is a bachelor’s degree undertaken to become an animator. BDes is an undergraduate degree, students from Arts or even Science and Commerce stream are eligible to pursue a BDes degree.

Here is some useful information for aspirants looking to take up a BDes in Animation course:

- BDes in Animation colleges in India
- Popular Cities: Delhi/NCR, Ahmedabad, Pune, Bangalore, Chandigarh.
- Popular Specialisations: 2D/3D Animation, Animation Film Making, Graphic/Web Design, Sound and Video Editing, Visual Effects (VFX).
- BDes Animation Entrance Exams: UCEED, NIFT Entrance Exam, NID Entrance Exam

Explore frequently asked questions on BDes in Animation. In case you have specific queries, post your question which will be answered by our community of experts.

BA LLB

BA LLB (Bachelor of Arts + Bachelor of Laws) is an integrated Law course offered at undergraduate level. Aspirants need to clear Class 12^th in any discipline with the minimum required percentage in order to be eligible for the course. The duration of BA LLB programme in Indian universities and colleges is typically five years.

Given below is some useful information for aspirants looking to take up BA LLB course in Law:

- BA LLB colleges in India
- Popular Cities: Delhi/NCR, Bangalore, Pune, Hyderabad, Kolkata
- Popular Specialisations: Constitutional Law, Criminal Law
- BA LLB Entrance Exams: CLAT, AILET, LSAT India

Explore frequently asked questions on BA LLB. In case you have specific queries, post your question which will be answered by our community of experts.

BDes in Design

Bachelor of Design or BDes in Design is a bachelor’s degree undertaken to become a designer. BDes is an undergraduate degree, students from Arts or even Science and Commerce stream are eligible to pursue a BDes degree.

Here is some useful information for aspirants looking to take up a BDes course:

- BDes colleges in India
- Popular Cities: Delhi/NCR, Hyderabad, Mumbai, Pune, Bangalore
- Popular Specialisations: Fashion Design, Interior Design, Communication Design, Industrial & Product Design
- BDes Entrance Exams: NIFT Entrance Exam, NID Entrance Exam, UCEED

Explore frequently asked questions on BDes. In case you have specific queries, post your question which will be answered by our community of experts.

BSc in Hospitality & Travel

Bachelors of Science in Hospitality & Travel, popularly known as BSc in Hospitality & Travel is an undergraduate course in Hospitality. To be able to pursue this course, the student must have cleared Class 12^th or any other equivalent qualification from any stream.

Here is some useful information for aspirants looking to take up a course in BSc Hospitality & Travel:

- BSc Hospitality & Travel colleges in India
- Popular Cities: Delhi/NCR, Chennai, Mumbai, Kolkata, Pune
- Popular Specialisations: Hotel/Hospitality Management, Catering, Travel and Tourism, Culinary Arts, Fares & Ticketing
- BSc in Hospitality & Travel Entrance Exams: NCHMCT JEE, CUSAT

Explore frequently asked questions on BSc in Hospitality & Travel. In case you have specific queries, post your question which will be answered by our community of experts.

BSc in Design

Bachelor of Science or BSc in Design is a bachelor’s degree undertaken to become a designer. BSc Design is an undergraduate degree, students from Arts, Science or Commerce stream are eligible to pursue a BSc Design degree.

Here is some useful information for aspirants looking to take up a BSc Design course:

- BSc Design colleges in India
- Popular Cities: Delhi/NCR, Bangalore, Mumbai, Pune
- Popular Specialisations: Fashion Design, Interior Design, Communication Design

Apparel Design Explore frequently asked questions on BSc Design. In case you have specific queries, post your question which will be answered by our community of experts.

Bachelor of Journalism & Mass Communication (BJMC)

BJMC (Bachelor of Journalism and Mass Communication) is a three-year long undergraduate degree programme. In order to be eligible for the course aspirants need to clear Class 12^th in any discipline. The course is suitable for students to wish to pursue their career in the media industry.

Here is some useful information for aspirants looking to take up BJMC course in Mass Communication & Media:

- BJMC colleges in India
- Popular Cities: Bangalore, Delhi/NCR, Kolkata, Mumbai, Pune
- Popular Specialisations: Journalism, Music & Sound Production, Film & TV, Media Planning
- BJMC Entrance Exams: LUACMAT, SRMHCMAT, GATA

Explore frequently asked questions on BJMC. In case you have specific queries, post your question which will be answered by our community of experts.

BHM in Hospitality & Travel

Bachelor of Hotel Management in Hospitality & Travel is also popularly commonly known as BHM in Hospitality & Travel. This is an undergraduate course, and can be pursued by a candidate who has cleared Class 12^th from Science, Commerce or Arts streams.

Here is some useful information for aspirants looking to take up a course in BHM in Hospitality & Travel:

- BHM in Hospitality & Travel colleges in India
- Popular Cities: Bangalore, Delhi/NCR, Kolkata, Hyderabad, Pune
- Popular Specialisations: Food and Beverage Service, House Keeping
- BHM in Hospitality & Travel Entrance Exams: Christ University Entrance Test, SPSAT, UGAT

Explore frequently asked questions on BHM in Hospitality & Travel. In case you have specific queries, post your question which will be answered by our community of experts.

Bachelor of Journalism (BJ)

BJ (Bachelor of Journalism) is an undergraduate Mass Communication & Media course of three years duration. The basic eligibility criteria for the course is completion of Class 12^th. Aspirants having a keen interest in print, electronic, and online media are apt to pursue BJ course.

Here is some useful information for aspirants looking to take up BJ course in Mass Communication & Media:

- BJ colleges in India
- Popular Cities: Delhi/NCR, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Kolkata, Chennai
- BJ Entrance Exam: DHSGSU UGET

Explore frequently asked questions on BJ. In case you have specific queries, post your question which will be answered by our community of experts.

Bachelor of Mass Media (BMM)

BMM (Bachelor of Mass Media) is an undergraduate level Mass Communication programme of three years duration. Students aspiring to build their career in Mass Communication & Media industry can take up this course after they complete their Class 12^th.

Here is some useful information for aspirants looking to take up BMM course in Mass Communication & Media:

- BMM colleges in India
- Popular Cities: Delhi/NCR, Mumbai, Gurgaon
- BMM Entrance Exam: Xavier’s BMS Entrance Exam

Explore frequently asked questions on BMM. In case you have specific queries, post your question which will be answered by our community of experts.

BA in Hospitality & Travel

Bachelors of Arts in Hospitality & Travel, popularly known as BA in Hospitality & Travel is an undergraduate course. A candidate who has cleared Class 12^th or any other equivalent qualification from any stream is eligible for the course.

Here is some useful information for aspirants looking to take up a course in BA in Hospitality & Travel:

- BA in Hospitality & Travel colleges in India
- Popular Cities: Delhi/NCR, Bangalore, Chandigarh Tricity, Chennai.
- Popular Specialisations: Hotel / Hospitality Management, Travel and Tourism, Culinary Arts, Catering, Fares and Ticketing
- BA in Hospitality & Travel Entrance Exam: IIHM eCHAT

Explore frequently asked questions on BA in Hospitality & Travel. In case you have specific queries, post your question which will be answered by our community of experts.

BA in Animation

Bachelor of Arts or BA in Animation is a bachelor’s degree undertaken to become an animator. BA Animation is an undergraduate degree, students from Arts, Science or even Commerce stream are eligible to pursue a BA Animation degree.

Here is some useful information for aspirants looking to take up a BA Animation course:

- BA Animation colleges in India
- Popular Cities: Delhi/NCR, Mumbai, Bangalore, Kolkata, Hyderabad
- Popular Specialisations: Visual Effects (VFX), 2D/3D Animation, Graphic/Web Design, Sound and Video Editing, Animation Film Making

Explore frequently asked questions on BA Animation. In case you have specific queries, post your question which will be answered by our community of experts.

Diploma in Education (DEd)

DEd or Diploma in Educations is an undergraduate degree undertaken to take up teaching as a profession at nursery/kindergarden level in schools or educational institutes. DEd is a UG level course and one can pursue it right after Class 12^th.

Here is some useful information for aspirants looking to take up DEd course in Teaching and Education:

- DEd colleges in India
- Popular Cities: Delhi/NCR, Mumbai, Bangalore, Pune, Chennai
- DEd Entrance Exam: Masters of Education Entrance Test

Explore frequently asked questions on DEd. In case you have specific queries, post your question which will be answered by our community of experts.

Commerce students can also prepare and appear in competitive exams for Banking, Defence and Civil Services after completing Class 12^th to make a career in these sectors.

Choice of Colleges for Commerce Students

Having explored the course options available, you can move on to shortlist the best colleges you can aim to get into for UG studies. There are 1437 Accounting and Commerce colleges in India, as listed on Shiksha where you can find various Commerce courses being offered across colleges. Talking of the most popular courses for Commerce students which are BCom and BCom (H), you have the option of choosing from 1094 Accounting and Commerce colleges in India.

Jobs and Career Opportunities after 12th Commerce

There are numerous career opportunities for candidates who choose Commerce after class 12^th. Most of the jobs are in accounting, commerce, banking and finance domains. Below listed are a few job profiles and career opportunities after 12^th Commerce.

Course Name	Job Profiles and Career Opportunities
Bachelor of Commerce	Accountant, Accounts Executive, Financial Analyst, Finance Executive, Bank Manager
BBA LLB	Business Consultant, Lawyer, Govt jobs
BBA/BMS	Marketing Executive, Sales Executive, HR Executive, Business Development Executive
Chartered Accountancy	Private Practice, Advisor, Financial Advisor
Company Secretary	Advisor, Compliance Officer, Corporate Planner
Cost Accountancy	Cost Accountant, Senior Accountant, Financial Analyst
BCA	Computer Programmer, Data Base Administrator, IT Support Executive, Information System Manager, Software Developer, Web Designer, Business Analyst

We hope you make the best course and college decision with the information made available to you. Stay tuned to Shiksha for all your higher education related infomation.

FAQs on Courses after 12^th Commerce

Q: Which is the best Commerce course after Class 12th?

A: There are several Commerce course after Class 12^thwhich can be termed best on the basis of their benefits and career path. A best course is also the most suitable course for the student and for each student the best course could be different. So lets focus on popular Commerce courses after Class 12^th. They are CA, CS, ICWAI, BCom, BCom Honours , Economic Honours, Statistics Honours, Taxation & Accounting Honours, Banking & Finance Honours, BBA and BMS.

Q: Can I get B Com with Commerce without Maths?

A: For Commerce without Maths students, BCom (General) course is available in universities of India.

Q: Which courses are available for students from Commerce with Maths stream?

A: Some of the popular courses available for students from Commerce with Maths stream are BCom, Ecomonics Honours, Maths Honours, Statistics Honours, BCom (General), BCom Honours, BCom Accounting & Taxation, BCom Applied Economics, BCom Banking & Finance, BCom Business Administration, BCom Marketing, BCom Tourism & Travel Management, BBA, BMS, BBA LLB, etc.

Q: Which courses are available for students from Commerce without Maths stream?

A: Some of the popular courses available for students from Commerce without Maths stream are BCom (General), BCom Business Administration, BCom Marketing, BCom Tourism & Travel Management, BBA, BMS, BBA LLB, BA in Humanities & Social Sciences, BA in Arts (Fine/Visual/Performing), Bachelor of Fine Arts (BFA), BDes in Design, Bachelor of Journalism (BJ), Bachelor of Journalism & Mass Communication (BJMC), etc.

Q: Can I go for BCA or BBA after Class 12th with Commerce?

A: Yes, students who have studied Commerce in Class 12^th can opt for BBA or BCA as their bachelor’s degree. While BCA is more suitable for Commerce with Maths students, BBA is suitable for Commerce without Maths students.

Q: Is doing CA/CS better than doing BCom after completing Class 12th with Commerce?

A: CA/CS are professional courses while BCom is an academic course. It totally depends on the candidate what career he/she wants to take up in future. If any candidate has plans of becoming a CA or CS in future, it is better to go for it after completing Class 12^th.

Q: How can I pursue CA or CS after Class 12th with Commerce?

A: To pursue CA or CS after Class 12^thwith Commerce, the candidates need to register with ICAI or ICSI. They will be then required to complete different levels of the course and clear their exams. Read more about CA and CS.

Q. I have Science background in Class 12. Can I opt for Commerce courses in college?

A: Yes, you can opt for Commerce courses after completing class 12 in Science stream. They can opt for BCom (in Accounting and Commerce) and BBA LLB (5 year integrated programme).

Q. Which Commerce courses are available for students with 12th Arts?

A: For students from Arts stream in Class 12^th BCom (General) course is available in colleges and universities of India.

Q: Which is the best college for BCom/BCom (Hons) in India?

A: The best colleges for BCom/BCom (Hons) in India are SRCC-DU, Hindu College-DU, LSR-DU, Hansraj College-DU, Loyola College-Chennai, Madras Christian College, Christ University, Ramjas College-DU, Narsee Monjee College of Commerce & Economics-Mumbai, Mithibai College of Arts. Read the full list of top commerce colleges in India

Q: Can I pursue Law after completing Class 12 in Commerce?

A: Yes, any candidate can pursue Law after completing Class 12 in Commerce. The two most popular courses in Law at undergraduate level are BA LLB and BBA LLB.

Career in arts

List of Courses after Class XII Arts

These courses after 12th include Pure Arts as well as some other popular programmes. Another point to note is that these courses are offered in both degree and diploma programmes. These 18 courses are:

Details about Top Courses after 12^th for Arts students

Look for the course(s) that interest you in the article below and click on the links to discover relevant details. To give an overview, before we get to the details of the courses, there are a total of 1,439 Humanities & Social Sciences colleges listed on Shiksha. As per research, it is evident that Bachelor of Arts (BA) is the most popular undergraduate course that students pursue after Class 12 Arts. Here, you can select from 900 BA colleges in India.

Apart from BA, Humanities students can also pursue professional courses like law, mass communication and hotel management after Class XII

Career in microbiology

Microbiology is that branch of Science which deals with the study of microscopic living organisms. If you are asking why to have a specific field dedicated just for the study of the microorganisms then just look around you and you will find an answer. Every year we hear of some virus which is taking human lives. Nowadays you have the Corona, in 2015 it was Ebola and there are going to be many such viruses in the future. And in such a world they play a key role in understanding these viruses so that they could protect our community against such future outbreaks. Isn’t that interesting? Also, it’s Microbiologists who make us understand the differences between harmful and useful bacteria. Now some microorganisms could kill but there are others which facilitates the digestion of food and protects us from pathogens. And if it weren’t for the microbiologists how will you know the difference? That’s exactly why a career in Microbiology has become one of the most sought after options in recent times.

Microbiologist

A Microbiologist mainly peruses upon microscopic forms, microorganisms and their life processes. As one of the sought-after career path in Microbiology, this career path is a high-paying research job in which you will be working on the biology of microorganisms that exit at both the molecular and cellular level. Your work will be required in agriculture, biotechnology, environment, education, pharmaceuticals, and hospitals.

Immunologist

An immunologist specialises in curing allergies and other immune system disorders. So, basically, an immunologist deals with the treatment of all those diseases which impacts your immunity system. They study how the immune system works and try to find out ways to protect your immune system against harmful bacterias. For this purpose, they study the impact that various micro substances have on a human body and try to find a cure for it.

Mycologist

Mycology involves the study of different kinds of fungi in order to understand the positive and negative impact that they could have on a human body. Now, some fungi are really toxic and infections whereas others would be used to make traditional machines. It’s in making this demarcation that mycologists dedicate their time in.

Professor/Lecturer

Isn’t teaching the most obvious career option? Simply because it’s your professors who taught you all that you know about Microbiology today. As you already know their role involves teaching students various subjects relating to Microbiology depending on their specializations. If you were impressed by the way your teachers taught you and wanted to do something similar or even if you wished to change the way they taught. This might be the right career option for you.

Water Quality Laboratory Technician

We all know that impure water could be really harmful to one’s body. So, these professionals work in water treatment plants and laboratories figuring out if the water which is being distributed to the masses is fit for drinking or not. If not, they come up with scientific methods by which to purify that water and prevent the spreading of water-borne diseases.

Clinical Research Scientist

The work of a clinical research associate is to operate clinical trials to examine the nature, pros, and cons of drugs. A CRA ensures that whether certain drugs are allowed to exist in the market or not. A contract research organization or pharmaceutical company can hire you to test popular and pre-existing drugs. They will involve you in all levels of the ongoing tests. You will be required to monitor the impacts and precautions of drugs by checking them on a healthy person, a patient or even on an animal.

Medical Technologist

A medical technologist is a health professional who tests various bodily fluids of the patients in order to find problems and their corresponding treatments. They have the responsibility of conducting laboratory tests and experiments to diagnose the patient’s medical condition. They also have the responsibility of maintaining and operating all the lab equipment.

Cosmetic Scientist

A cosmetic scientist is not only involved in the creation of skincare and haircare products but also scientifically testing if they have any harmful side effects on its users. Have you ever wondered who makes those shampoos and perfumes that you all love a lot? Yes, it’s the cosmetic scientists who develop all those products for you. And if you are interested in making such products then this might be the right career option for you.

Pharmacologist

A Pharmacologist understands how medicines and other types of drugs affect human beings and animals. They conduct researches to aid the development and discovery of new helpful drugs. Just like a Clinical Research Associate, they also have a right to do research based on animal tissues. They test on animals first so that humans won’t get hurt in the trial process.

Salary in Microbiology

Remember? We told you that each field has a different potential. Glance through the chart for the average salary of the major Microbiology jobs in 2021:

	Career in Microbiology	Average Salary per annum
	Immunologist	15,50,000 INR
	Mycologist	4,33,536 INR
	Pharmacologist	8,00,000 INR
	Microbiologist	3,12,740 INR
	Biomedical scientist	5,81,325 INR
	Professor	4,30,797 INR
	Water quality laboratory technician	1,83,126 INR
	Food technologist/Scientist	7,50,000 INR
	Cosmetic Scientists	4,70,400 INR
	Clinical Research Associate	3,44,254 INR
	Sales or technical representative	4,30,000 INR
	Research assistant	3,73,000 INR
	Clinical and veterinary Microbiologist	6,75,078 INR
	Ouality assurance technologists	5, 54,000 INR

Here is an overview of average salary in Microbiology abroad:

Career Path	Salary Per Annum ($)
Microbiologist	$71,650
Clinical Research Associate	$63,969
Food Technologist	$55,290
Healthcare Scientist Salary	$126,745
Pharmacologist	$117,922

How to Become a Microbiologist in India?

In order to become a Microbiologist in India, you need to have certain academic qualifications as well as research credentials. Since it is a research field, a master’s degree in Microbiology or any of its specialisations is the minimum qualification you need. Here is a step-by-step guide on how you can become a microbiologist in India:

Pursue a Bachelor’s Degree in Microbiology: To begin your career as a Microbiologist, you can study a BSc degree in this field or any of the branches of Microbiology.
Explore Entry-level Research Internships: While studying your undergraduate degree, you must explore internships in microbiology research as it can help you earn the right skills and exposure to thrive in this field.
Opt for a Master’s in Microbiology: You will have to study a postgraduate degree in Microbiology or its specialised fields to pursue the career path of a Microbiologist. So, once you graduate, find the right specialisation that interests you and go for a postgraduate degree.
Study PhD/Pursue Research Careers: Once you have completed your master’s degree, the next step is to explore entry-level research profiles in Microbiology along with gearing up to study PhD which is also considered as an essential academic qualification you need to become a Microbiologist.

Courses in Microbiology

Microbiology encompasses a plethora of specialisations in which you can explore bachelor’s and master’s level programs. Depending on your interests you could opt for the various courses which are available in this field. Here is a list of best Microbiology courses that you can choose from in order to make a career in Microbiology.

Bachelor Courses	Master’s Courses	Specialisations
BSc in Clinical Microbiology	MSc in applied microbiology	Microbial genetics
BSc in Industrial Microbiology	MSc in Microbiology	Agricultural Microbiology
BSc in Food technology	MSc in Microbial genetics and Bioinformatics	Nano Microbiology
BSc in Microbiology	MSc in Medical Microbiology	Industrial Microbiology
BSc in applied Microbiology	MSc in biomedical sciences	Water Microbiology
BSc Genetics	MSc in biomolecular sciences	Environmental Microbiology
BSc in Microbiology and molecular biology	MSc in infection, immunity and humans diseases	Generation Microbiology
	MSc in parasitology	Pharmaceutical Microbiology
	MSc in immunology and immunotherapy	Veterinary Microbiology
		Cellular Microbiology
		Evolutionary Microbiology
		Soil Microbiology

Eligibility Criteria

You can easily get yourself enrolled into any Microbiology related courses if you fulfill the following eligibility criterias.

Have qualified 12th with PCM subjects
Must have scored at least 50% or above
For getting admission into a postgraduate course in Microbiology a bachelor’s degree is necessary
Must clear the individual entrance exams required for different colleges

Top Universities to Build a Career in Microbiology

Here is a list of top universities across the world from where you could build the foundation for your career in Microbiology:

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